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International Case Studies
🇵🇹 Portugal
Decriminalization since 2001Kopš 2001. gada visas narkotikas Portugālē ir dekriminalizētas. Saskaņā ar EUDA ziņojumiem: nāves no narkotikām ir starp zemākajām Eiropā, HIV infekcijas starp narkotiku lietotājiem ir krasi samazinājušās, vairāk cilvēku ir ārstēšanā, mazāk ieslodzījumu par narkotiku nodarījumiem.
The Model:
- Possession of small amounts is no longer a crime
- Instead: Referral to "Dissuasion Commissions"
- Focus on health, not punishment
- Massive investments in treatment and prevention
* Exact figures vary by source and measurement period. See EUDA reports for current data.
Avoti: EUDA, Transform Drug Policy Foundation
🇨🇭 Switzerland
Heroin Program since 1994Šveices heroīna izsniegšanas programma (kopš 1994. gada) saskaņā ar Federālo sabiedrības veselības biroju rāda: ievērojamu īpašuma noziedzības samazinājumu, uzlabotu sociālo integrāciju, izmērāmus veselības uzlabojumus. Programmu Šveices valdība novērtē kā veiksmīgu.
The Model:
- Heroin-Assisted Treatment (HAT) for severely addicted
- Pharmaceutically pure heroin under medical supervision
- Daily visits to specialized clinics
- Integrated into comprehensive treatment program
* Based on official evaluations by the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health.
🇳🇱 Netherlands
Coffeeshops since 1976Neskatoties uz kafejnīcām, kaņepju patēriņš Nīderlandē ir zem ES vidējā. Modelis rāda: tolerance automātiski neved pie augstāka patēriņa.
The Model:
- "Gedoogbeleid" – Tolerance policy for cannabis
- Licensed coffeeshops may sell up to 5g
- Strict rules: No advertising, no minors, no hard drugs
- Separation of cannabis and other drug markets
* Use rates according to EUDA vary by survey methodology.
Avoti: EUDA Netherlands Report
Sweden
Repression instead of RegulationZviedrija pašlaik īsteno vienu no stingrākajiem represiju kursiem Eiropā pret bandu noziedzību: vairāk policijas, bargāki sodi, ātrākas deportācijas. Tomēr bandu vardarbība, narkotiku noziedzība un nepilngadīgo vervēšana paliek augstā līmenī. Valsts parāda, kas notiek, kad represijas tiek izvēlētas regulējuma vietā.
The Current Strategy:
- Harshest penalties, faster deportations of allegedly criminal foreigners
- New laws against gang membership and "socially harmful behavior"
- More police, surveillance, repression policy
- Political narrative: Migration = Crime
What Sweden Shows:
Vienkārši "sitiena stiprināšana" neatrisina pamatcēloņus. Kamēr narkotiku tirgus paliek nelegāls, peļņas maržas ir pietiekami augstas, lai katrs risks atmaksātos. Bandas turpina vervēt, vardarbība pārvietojas, problēma saglabājas. Regulējums risina strukturālās cēloņus: kontrolētas vielas, legālas piegādes ķēdes, karteļu ieņēmumu avotu atņemšana. Zviedrijas ceļš parāda: bez politiskās vīzijas regulējumam vienmēr draud mantra "bargāk, ātrāk, deportēt" – politika, kas cīnās ar simptomiem, neārstējot slimību.
🇨🇦 Canada
Cannabis Legalization since 2018Canada was the first G7 country to fully legalize cannabis. The model shows how a regulated market can be built – with lessons for other countries.
The Model:
- Federal legalization with provincial implementation
- Licensed producers and retail outlets
- Strict quality controls and packaging regulations
- Age limit 18-19 (depending on province)
* Based on Statistics Canada and Health Canada reports.
Avoti: Health Canada, Statistics Canada
What the literature shows
Based on BMG/ECaLe report 2023, CMAJ 2023, Lancet Public Health 2025, National Academies 2023.
Research scope
Bibliometric analyses count >10,000 cannabis studies and dozens of reviews on regulation, advertising, health, transport.
Use patterns
Adult use rises modestly, youth use remains broadly stable. Retail density, pricing and prevention are decisive.
Health & safety
ER visits increase with edibles/high potency products; traffic data are mixed. Governance (THC caps, testing) reduces risk.
Key Statistics
Estimated annual revenue of the illegal drug market in the EU
Drug deaths per million population in Portugal (EU average: ~22)
Avots: EUDA Portugal Country Report
Scientific Studies
Peer-reviewed research and official reports on drug policy
Johns Hopkins-Lancet Commission
Drug Policy and Public Health: Comprehensive analysis by leading scientists. Recommends regulated markets instead of prohibition.
View Study →EUDA – European Drug Report
Annual report from the EU Drugs Agency with current data on all EU countries.
View Report →Transform Drug Policy Foundation
Leading think tank for drug reform with extensive resources on regulation models and evidence.
View Publications →Drug Policy Alliance
US organization with extensive research on reform successes in various states.
View Resources →Further Resources
Expert networks and analysis for evidence-based drug policy.